Urinary

Lactobacillus crispatus is a lactic acid bacterium native to the human vaginal microbiota.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is one of the most studied lactic acid bacteria, with research dating back decades documenting its ability to survive the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, including acid and bile …

Lactobacillus casei (species-level entry, undesignated strain) is a broadly studied lactic acid bacterium encountered across fermented dairy and non-dairy foods.

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, most widely studied as the GG strain, has an extensive research record, though the evidence base in this index is predominantly in vitro and animal-model work.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) is a well-characterized lactic acid bacterium found across fermented foods, the human gut, and diverse environmental niches.

Escherichia coli K-12 is a well-studied non-pathogenic laboratory strain of E.

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a non-pathogenic E.

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is one of the most extensively studied probiotic strains globally, though the papers linked to this strain entry focus primarily on encapsulation technology and formulation stability…

Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive bacterium that is a normal inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract, but it is also a well-documented opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial (hospital-acquired) i…

Lacticaseibacillus casei (species-level entry, no specific strain designation) is a broad species grouping that includes well-studied commercial strains such as L.

Enterococcus gallinarum is an intrinsically vancomycin-resistant enterococcal species — a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tracts of birds and mammals — that appears across clinical, food, water, and environmental set…

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GR-1 is among the most thoroughly researched probiotic strains for urogenital health, with multiple randomized controlled trials evaluating its oral use in relation to vaginal microbiota comp…

Enterococcus casseliflavus is an intrinsically vancomycin-resistant enterococcal species (meaning resistance is encoded in its chromosome, not acquired through gene transfer) found in environmental and food settings as w…

Enterococcus faecium (undesignated strain) appears in the research literature primarily in the context of antibiotic resistance and hospital-associated infection rather than probiotic applications.

Bifidobacterium longum is a well-characterized commensal species found throughout the human gut, with a particularly studied role in early-life microbiome establishment.

Bifidobacterium breve is a species commonly found in the human gut, particularly in breastfed infants, where it plays a role in fermenting complex carbohydrates including human milk oligosaccharides.

Lactobacillus casei Shirota is one of the most extensively studied probiotic strains, with a research history spanning several decades.

Lactococcus garvieae is a gram-positive bacterium recognized primarily as a fish pathogen responsible for lactococcosis — a systemic disease causing significant mortality in aquaculture species such as yellowtail and rai…

Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut bacterium that naturally inhabits the mucus layer lining the intestine and has attracted substantial scientific interest as a potential next-generation probiotic.

Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 is a standard clinical reference strain used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing and dental research.

Escherichia coli K12 is a non-pathogenic laboratory reference strain that has been central to molecular biology and genetics research since the mid-20th century.

Lactobacillus fermentum (species-level entry, no specific strain designation) is a heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium found in fermented foods and the human gastrointestinal tract.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri RC-14 has been studied primarily in the context of urogenital and oral health, often in combination with its companion strain L.

Enterococcus durans is a species found in dairy products, animal faeces, and environmental sources, and the research literature indexed for this entry reflects concerns about antibiotic resistance transmission rather tha…